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''Cirsium palustre'', the marsh thistle or European swamp thistle, is a herbaceous biennial (or often perennial) species of the genus ''Cirsium''.〔J. S. Rodwell. 1998. ''British Plant Communities'', p. 227〕〔(Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo di palude, Sumpf-Kratzdistel, kärrtistel, ''Cirsium palustre'' (L.) Scop. ) includes photos and European distribution map〕 ''Cirsium palustre'' is a tall thistle which reaches up to in height. The strong stems have few branches and are covered in small spines. In its first year the plant grows as a dense rosette, at first with narrow, entire leaves with spiny, dark purple edges; later, larger leaves are lobed. In the subsequent years the plant grows a tall, straight stem, the tip of which branches repeatedly, bearing a candelabra of dark purple flowers, with purple-tipped bracts. In the northern hemisphere these are produced from June to September. The flowers are occasionally white, in which case the purple edges to the leaves are absent.〔 It is native to Europe where it is particularly common on damp ground such as marshes, wet fields, moorland and beside streams. In Canada and the northern United States, it is an introduced species that has become invasive. It grows in dense thickets that can crowd out slower growing native plants. 〔(Marsh Plume Thistle, Aliens Among Us. )〕〔(Flora of North America, European swamp or marsh thistle, cirse ou chardon des marais, ''Cirsium palustre'' (Linnaeus) Scopoli )〕〔(Biota of North America Program 22014 county distribution map )〕 ==Ecology== ''Cirsium palustre'' is broadly distributed throughout much of Europe and eastward to central Asia. This thistle's occurrence is linked to the spread of human agriculture from the mid-Holocene era or before.〔C. Michael Hogan. 2009. (''Marsh Thistle: Cirsium palustre'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg )〕 It is a constant plant of several fen-meadow plant associations, including the ''Juncus subnodulosus''-''Cirsium palustre'' fen-meadow.〔 The flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects, featuring a generalised pollination syndrome. Image:Cirsium_palustre.jpg 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cirsium palustre」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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